Iowa State Geology Practice Exam

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• What term describes the visual representation of a fault surface that has been exposed?
• What phenomenon can tsunamis result from?
• Which factor affects how rock behaves when subjected to stress?
• Which of the following represents the oldest dated Earth mineral?
• What are slickensides?
• What term describes the lowest elevation a stream's floor can reach at a specific location?
• Which type of seismic waves travel faster?
• What characterizes index fossils?
• Why is the understanding of index fossils significant in geology?
• Which term describes the region that remains above the water table?
• What type of stress causes a normal fault?
• What is defined as the volume occupied by pore spaces or voids in the rock?
• In dip-slip faults, how do the sides of the fault usually move?
• How does excessive deforestation contribute to mass movement?
• What major biological event occurred during the Mesozoic Era?
• Which phase of the Paleozoic Era includes the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods?
• How does material typically move downslope?
• What type of fault commonly results from extensional stresses?
• What type of rocks can be dated to determine the time of crystallization from magma?
• Which of the following was a significant development during the Paleozoic Era?
• What are the primary geological features formed during the Laramide Orogeny?
• What is stream piracy?
• What is indicated by the principle of fossil succession in sedimentary strata?
• What is believed to have contributed to climate change during the Permian period?
• At what temperature do rocks generally deform ductilely?
• Where are the youngest rocks located in a syncline?
• What type of geological structure is formed by brittle deformation, leading to movement across a fracture?
• What is the definition of a foot wall in geology?
• Which of the following describes fault gouge?
• What geological feature was created due to subduction processes during the Jurassic Period?
• What typically happens to a river's elevation in its longitudinal profile?
• What geological feature occurs when there is no relative movement across a fracture?
• What does the principle of lateral continuity suggest about sedimentary strata?
• What process involves material moving as a rigid mass down a slope?
• What do we call rocks and sediments that transmit water easily?
• What effect do surface waves have on the ground during an earthquake?
• Which component of sediment load is made up of sand-sized or larger particles that roll along the stream bottom?
• During which period did trees and ferns contribute to coal formation?
• According to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, which of the following statements is true?
• What was a major feature of the early Earth during the Precambrian?
• What major geographical change occurred during the Cretaceous Period?
• What type of well requires a confined aquifer under a sloping aquitard?
• Stromatolites are primarily composed of which mineral precipitated on bacterial mats?
• What is a horst in geological terms?
• What was the largest mass extinction in Earth's history associated with?
• What is surface runoff?
• Which of the following is an effect of forest fires on soil?
• What role does friction play in fault movement?
• Events that define the divisions within the Geologic Time Scale are primarily based on?
• In a trellis drainage system, what geologic feature primarily causes its formation?
• How does the atomic weight of an isotope differ from its atomic number?
• The San Andreas Fault is categorized as which type of fault?
• What physical phenomenon allows the two sides of a fault to creep past each other?
• What type of drainage network forms on cone-shaped mountains?
• What is strain in geology?
• What factor influences the formation of stair-step canyons?
• What does the term 'Talus' refer to?
• What typically precedes a major earthquake?
• What materials are typically used to construct artificial levees?
• What is a Slump in geological terms?
• Which type of seismic wave causes the ground to move up and down?
• What does undercutting refer to in the context of mass movement?
• Which feature is associated with stair-step canyons?
• In the context of slope stability, what does friction help to counteract?
• What are the primary factors that affect slope stability?
• How are floodways beneficial to the environment?
• What principle states that physical processes we observe today also operated in the past?
• What kind of geological structure is characterized by having layers of rock that dip towards each other?
• What defines an unconformity in geological terms?
• What does fault displacement refer to?
• Which of the following best describes the concept of geological time gaps?
• Which geological structure can result in both tension and compression due to movement?
• Which geological feature significantly impacts aquifer recharge?
• What creates an alluvial fan?
• What is an example of a nonconformity in geology?
• In a fold structure, what is the hinge?
• Which natural disaster can be influenced by submarine landslides?
• Which of the following can result from the reactivation of smaller faults?
• What is the term for the side of the fault that is located above the fault plane?
• What are joints primarily caused by?
• Stream discharge is measured in which of the following units?
• What is earthquake magnitude a measure of?
• What dating method is commonly used to date minerals that are billions of years old?
• What distinguishes a thrust fault from a standard reverse fault?
• Which scale is known to be less effective for measuring earthquake magnitude of deeper quakes?
• Which of the following materials can flow downslope?
• What is the typical landscape of an area with high sediment load, such as in a braided stream?
• How does land uplift affect stream terrace formation?
• What is solifluction primarily associated with?
• What is the definition of stress in geological terms?
• What effect does high pressure have on rock deformation?
• What do we call the layer of rock that restricts water movement in confined aquifers?
• Which type of stream is characterized by numerous bars, islands, and channels?
• Which of the following best describes the process of slip during aftershocks?
• What is a common reason for the formation of terraces along a river?
• The development of which geological feature is associated with the Paleozoic Era due to glaciations in southern continents?
• Which term describes how connected the pore spaces are, allowing for the movement of water?
• In which zone do the pore spaces contain both water and air?
• What is characterized by pore spaces being completely filled with water?
• What are the components of sediment load moved by a stream?
• What significant event concluded the Mesozoic Era?
• What is the purpose of floodplains?
• What is the geological term for a round depression of rock layers?
• What is the term for the slow, downslope flow of regolith or soil?
• Which of the following is a method of preventing mass movement?
• Which of the following represents the ultimate base level for streams?
• Which type of aquifer is isolated from the surface by a layer with low permeability?
• What does the Geologic Time Scale combine?
• In geological terms, what does a dip-slip fault refer to?
• What phenomenon can occur due to liquefaction during an earthquake?
• Which minerals are more likely to break rather than flow?
• What type of material typically constitutes a Talus?
• Which event is characteristic of the Paleozoic Era?
• What role do reservoirs behind dams serve?
• Which era spans from 4.5 billion to 542 million years ago?
• Which of the following can induce seismicity?
• What happens to rocks that are subjected to stress quickly?
• What does the principle of superposition state?
• What separates the unsaturated zone from the saturated zone?
• What is the main reason for the shift in Cenozoic period names?
• What is the action that defines a strike-slip fault?
• What describes the term 'Angle of Repose'?
• What is a key trait of sedimentary strata according to the principle of lateral continuity?
• Which of the following describes an avalanche?
• What defines a drainage basin?
• What is the result of small amounts of water in soil?
• What type of faults are described as "ductile" and occur at great depths or high temperatures?
• In a reverse fault, which way does the hanging wall move?
• In what context do natural levees commonly form?
• What type of fold is characterized by a hinge that is not horizontal?
• What is the correct order of the geologic time scale from oldest to youngest?
• What is a drainage divide?
• What are isotopes?
• What characterizes permanent strain in a material?
• What percentage of Earth history is represented by the Precambrian?
• What characterizes a graben?
• What characterizes V-shaped valleys in geological formations?
• What is a hallmark feature of normal faults?
• What happens to wetlands when reservoirs trap sediment?
• What happens to a material that experiences elastic strain?
• What are foreshocks?
• What does the term disconformity signify in geological stratigraphy?
• Which of the following is true about the relationship between fault breccia and fault gouge?
• Which drainage network is characterized by water flowing along preexisting joints in the bedrock?
• What describes an anticline?
• What geological processes occurred during the Cenozoic Era?
• Where does a delta typically form?
• In the context of geology, what does the term 'inclusion' refer to?
• What is one effect of both reverse faults and thrust faults?
• Which scale is currently used to measure the total energy released by earthquakes?
• What was a key feature of the Triassic Period?
• What does the term 'seismic gap' refer to?
• What is fault breccia?
• Which period is characterized by numerous ice ages?
• What happens to material when it undergoes a flow?
• What is creep in geology?
• Which type of slide can occur suddenly?
• What type of seismic waves cause ground motion from side to side?
• What major geological process characterized the late Precambrian period?
• What is meant by the term 'gradient' in the context of a river?
• What type of geological structure is characterized by a round elevation of rock layers?
• Which of the following is NOT a cause of earthquakes?
• Which term describes stress that results from forces acting in opposite directions?
• Which geologic event is associated with the end of the Paleozoic Era?
• Which type of stress is associated with reverse faults?
• What is the result when excessive water is present in soil?
• Which type of stress involves squeezing rocks?
• What geological event can lead to significant ground shaking?
• What type of fault allows each side to slide past one another horizontally?
• Which type of aquifer has access to the ground surface?
• What is meant by headward erosion?
• What is a defining characteristic of meandering streams?
• What causes stress accumulation at a seismic gap?
• In hydrology, what do we refer to the space filled with water in the saturated zone?
• Which zone is characterized by having all pore spaces filled with water?
• Which geological feature is created specifically by the movement along a fault?
• Which factor is NOT a trigger of mass movement?
• What is the natural flow of groundwater from the earth's surface called?
• What type of soil is most susceptible to liquefaction during an earthquake?
• What are aftershocks most likely due to?
• According to the principle of original horizontality, what happens when we see folded or tilted sedimentary layers?
• Which period is noted for the first appearance of dinosaurs?
• What phenomenon describes the gravitational movement of rock and debris?
• What does fossil succession indicate about the appearance of species in the geological record?
• What is sheetwash?
• What type of drainage network develops in regions where the bedrock has uniform resistance to erosion?
• What is one of the primary causes of damage from earthquakes?
• What is an angular unconformity?
• What is believed to have caused the mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic Era?
• What significant event marked the end of the Paleozoic Era?
• Which component of sediment load consists of clay and silt suspended in water?
• What happens when the amount of water moving through a stream increases?